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Payment behaviour in Germany in 2023
Since 2008, the Deutsche Bundesbank has been taking a comprehensive look at how the population pays, what attitudes they have towards cash and electronic means of payment, and what developments can be expected in payment transactions.
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Cash of the future
How will cash be used in the future? A recent Bundesbank study has investigated this question, outlining three different scenarios for cash payments in 2037. The study provides an idea of the social and economic environment in which cash will be embedded in the future.
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Payment behaviour in Germany in 2020 Survey during the year of the coronavirus pandemic
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Cash in the age of payment diversity International Cash Conference 2019
8 MB, PDF
The conference volume comprises a wide variety of cash related research papers, which were presented and discussed at the International Cash Conference 2019.
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Cash use in Germany Cash hoarding by German households – an empirical analysis of how much cash they store and why
Estimates by the Bundesbank suggest that banknotes worth around €268 billion were in circulation in Germany in 2018. Of that amount, roughly 20% was used directly for transactions. The other, far larger share – somewhere in the region of €200 billion – was being hoarded, i.e. stored for an extended period of time by households and firms.
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Cash use in Germany Macroeconomic estimates of the extent of illicit cash use in Germany
1 MB, PDF
In a study prepared together with Professor Friedrich Schneider of the Johannes Kepler University Linz, illegal demand for cash in Germany is investigated. The study presents an overview of economic research on the use of cash in the shadow economy as well as fresh empirical analyses by the authors. They look at the influence of the shadow economy on cash lodgements at Bundesbank branches and the demand for banknotes in Germany.
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The costs of cash payments in the retail sector Study to determine and evaluate the costs arising from cash payments in the retail sector
718 KB, PDF
How much does a cash payment cost? How long does it take? What costs arise at which points? And how do cash payments compare with cashless payments in terms of costs? Answers to these and other questions are provided by this study on the costs of cash payments in the retail sector, contributing to the debate on the efficiency of payments at the point of sale (POS).
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War on Cash: Is there a Future for Cash? International Cash Conference 2017
6 MB, PDF
This conference once again brought together central bankers and the academic community of cash researchers. It covered a wide range of current topics with renowned experts discussing interesting aspects.
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Payment behaviour in Germany in 2017 Fourth study of the utilisation of cash and cashless payment instruments
3 MB, PDF
The information contained in the study is of interest to all market participants affected by the payment behaviour of private individuals, most notably retailers, credit institutions, card issuers and, last but not least, the Deutsche Bundesbank itself. Players wishing to foster more innovation in the field of payments need to offer a genuine advantage over established schemes and procedures and, in particular, to heed users’ perceived security needs.
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Payment behaviour in Germany in 2014 Third study of the utilisation of cash and cashless payment instruments
532 KB, PDF
The information contained in the study is of interest to all market participants affected by the payment behaviour of private individuals, most notably retailers, credit institutions, card issuers and, last but not least, the Deutsche Bundesbank itself. Players wishing to foster more innovation in the field of payments need to offer a genuine advantage over established schemes and procedures and, in particular, to heed users’ perceived security needs.
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Coins study Impact assessment of rounding in the retail sector
485 KB, PDF
This study investigates the effects on consumer prices of rounding final total prices or individual prices in the retail sector. The empirical analysis based on around 70,000 sales receipts shows that, when the final total price is rounded commercially to the nearest whole 5 euro cent increment, virtually no effect on the price level can be expected.
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The usage, costs and benefits of cash - Conference Volume International Cash Conference 2014
6 MB, PDF
At the International Cash Conference in September 2014 papers on a variety of topics were presented and discussed. Costs and benefits of cash and cashless payment instruments, the role of cash in financial crises as well as the payment behavior were focussed. This conference volume contains the majority of the presentations held at the conference and other photographically impressions of the conference.
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Costs and Benefits of Cash and Cashless Payment Instruments Study commissioned by the Deutsche Bundesbank, Module 1
3 MB, PDF
This paper analyses cash and cashless payment instruments in Germany. After a description of developments in a national and international context, we will compile a critical overview of iterature on cost calculations and on the importance of payments media for different countries.
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Payment behaviour in Germany in 2011 An empirical study of the utilisation of cash and cashless payment instruments
3 MB, PDF
Has payment behaviour in Germany changed in recent years and, if so, how? This is the question posed in this study, which is based on survey data gathered in the autumn of 2011 in a repeat of the survey on payment behaviour first carried out in 2008. The aim was to identify how payment behaviour has developed since then, taking into account a number of new aspects.
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The usage, costs and benefits of cash - Conference Volume International Cash Conference 2012
3 MB, PDF
The conference volume comprises a wide range of multifaceted papers addressing different aspects of cash, that were presented and discussed at the International Cash Conference in February 2012.
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Where does the cash in your wallet come from? An empirical study of the cash withdrawal behaviour of the German population at ATMs and bank counters in Germany
351 KB, PDF
The Bundesbank study on payment behaviour in Germany, which was published in 2009, showed that cash continues to be an extremely popular method of payment and that no significant changes in payment behaviour in Germany are expected in the short to medium term. There are essentially two ways of withdrawing that most important of payment instruments "cash" – namely from bank counters or from ATMs. This paper analyses the withdrawal behaviour of Germans based on place, amount and frequencies of withdrawal.
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Payment behaviour in Germany in 2008 An empirical study of the utilisation of cash and cashless payment instruments
Cash continues to be consumers’ preferred payment method. Nonetheless, the turnover share of cash transactions in the German retail trade has been slowly but continually falling for years.
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Study on currency requirements in Germany Summary
In 2002 the Federal Ministry of Finance asked the Deutsche Bundesbank to present a study on currency requirements in Germany. This study is intended to contain a macroeconomic analysis of the quantitative development of cash, as well as qualitative aspects which could influence currency requirements.