At the end of 2023, Germany’s net external assets totalled €2,964 billion, thus amounting to just over 70% of Germany’s nominal gross domestic product (GDP). Overall, both assets and liabilities vis-à-vis non-residents rose further in 2023. This was especially true of claims and liabilities from cross-border portfolio investment. However, corporate ties resulting from direct investment by German investors also continued to expand in 2023. By contrast, both assets and liabilities from other investment declined. These include loans and trade credits (where these do not constitute direct investment) as well as currency and deposits. However, as German liabilities in this segment fell even more sharply than claims in 2023, the other investment balance also rose. In net terms, Germany’s net external assets at the end of 2023 were €206 billion higher than at the end of 2022. This increase was attributable in large part to the surplus on the German current account and the resulting net capital exports.

Net external assets rise on the year once again

At the end of 2023, Germany’s net external assets stood at €2,964 billion. This was slightly more than 70 % of nominal gross domestic product and meant that this ratio remained virtually unchanged on the year. In 2023, the German net external asset position rose by around €206 billion in absolute terms. Claims on non-residents were up on the year by €381 billion (or 3.1 %) to €12,579 billion; liabilities rose by €175 billion (or 1.9%) to €9,616 billion. Claims mainly reflected transaction-related changes, i.e. asset purchases, as well as positive market price effects. The exchange rate effect, meanwhile, was negative: as the euro effectively appreciated against the currencies of its most important trading partners over the course of the year,[1] the value, in euro terms, of German assets abroad tended to drop where they were reported in a foreign currency. Other non-transaction-related adjustments had a positive impact on Germany’s external assets.[2] The rise in German foreign liabilities was mainly attributable to market price effects, which predominantly occurred around year-end, driven by a more favourable inflation outlook and expectations of falling key interest rates.

The cross-border transactions recorded in the financial account resulted in net capital exports of €250 billion last year, in line with Germany’s current account surplus. Non-transaction-related changes reduced the increase by €44 billion, however. On balance, negative market price and exchange rate effects were contributory factors. Other adjustments made a positive overall contribution to Germany’s external position.

Surplus in portfolio investment slightly higher than in 2022

At €807 billion, the portfolio investment balance at the end of 2023 was around €23 billion higher than in the previous year. Securities claims on non-residents slightly outpaced the corresponding liabilities.[3]

At the end of 2023, resident investors held foreign securities totalling €4,004 billion, up by €392 billion (or 10.9 %) on the previous year. The rise was mainly the result of net purchases of foreign bonds and positive market price effects. The relative strength of the euro, meanwhile, caused mostly negative exchange rate effects on the assets side. Alongside foreign bonds, resident investors also bought foreign investment fund shares and money market papers. However, they sold foreign shares – in small amounts.

At the end of 2023, non-resident investors held German securities to the tune of €3,197 billion in their portfolios, which was €369 billion (or 13.1 %) more than at the end of 2022. This was mainly the result of positive market price effects, especially in relation to shares and long-term debt securities. Transactions recorded in the financial account also contributed to the build-up of holdings. On balance, non-resident investors almost exclusively bought German long-term debt securities, as well as, to a lesser extent, short-term debt securities. By contrast, they were net sellers of German shares and investment fund shares.

Drop in the positive balance for financial derivatives

At the end of 2023, holdings of financial derivatives and employee stock options registered a positive balance of €27 billion. This was, however, only slightly more than half the size of the previous year’s balance. In 2022, Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine had triggered severe disruptions in the energy markets and caused considerable net capital exports in forward and futures contracts relating to electricity and gas.

Further expansion in direct investment

Cross-border corporate ties involving German firms continued to expand in 2023. German outward direct investment was up on the year by a total of €85 billion (3.0 %) to €2,929 billion, an increase that was, on balance, exclusively attributable to transactions. In particular, German investors boosted their equity capital in enterprises abroad, but also issued additional loans to affiliated group entities. The effective appreciation of the euro meant that exchange rate effects had a negative impact on Germany’s outward foreign direct investment stocks. These valuation losses were, however, largely offset by positive other adjustments and slightly positive market price effects. 

Non-resident enterprises increased their direct investment in Germany by €26 billion (1.3 %) to €1,995 billion in 2023, with transactions accounting for just over two-thirds of this total. Non-resident investors augmented their equity capital in German enterprises but reduced their intra-group lending to domestic enterprises. 

On balance, Germany’s direct investment balance at the end of 2023 amounted to around €933 billion and was therefore €59 billion higher than at year-end 2022.

Other investment: net claims higher

In other investment, comprising loans and trade credits (where these do not constitute direct investment) as well as currency and deposits amongst others, Germany’s positive net asset position rose by €133 billion on the year, bringing it up to €905 billion at the end of 2023. The Bundesbank’s external claims in this segment fell by €174 billion, which was, on balance, exclusively attributable to the Bundesbank’s lower TARGET balance vis-à-vis the ECB.[4] At the same time, the Bundesbank’s external liabilities in other investment declined, as non-euro area counterparties reduced their deposits with the Bank. On balance, the Bundesbank’s net external position in other investment sank by €33 billion. Monetary financial institutions (excluding the central bank) granted additional loans to non-residents and expanded their holdings of currency and deposits. In both segments, negative valuation effects as a result of exchange rate changes reduced the overall effect on outstanding claims, which rose by €19 billion on balance. Non-residents’ deposits with German monetary financial institutions (excluding the Bundesbank) came down by €65 billion. Overall, the balance of monetary financial institutions (excluding the central bank) in other investment rose by €84 billion last year. General government also recorded a rise in its net claims, by €9 billion, in 2023. By contrast, other investment by enterprises and households swelled by €73 billion on balance. At the end of 2023, claims on non-residents arising from other investment had dropped by €17 billion, or 0.4 %, to €3,867 billion across all sectors. External liabilities fell even more sharply; they stood at €2,963 billion at year-end 2023, down €150 billion, or 4.8 %, on the year. 

Increase in reserve assets

The Bundesbank’s reserve assets amounted to €292 billion at the end of 2023 and were therefore up by €16 billion on the previous year. They grew only marginally by €1 billion as a result of transactions. Reserve asset holdings increased on the back of positive market price effects, in particular (€18 billion), with the rise in the price of gold dominating. Taken in isolation, the appreciation of the euro against the US dollar and other important currencies brought the value of reserve assets down by €3 billion.

uncollectable credit claims, changes in sector classifications, changes in the functional category of a financing instrument, as well as statistical discrepancies between the international investment position and the balance of payments due to differing data sources, for example.

Footnotes:

1. The fact that the Eurosystem raised key interest rates was also a factor. 
2. Non-transaction-related changes include valuation effects as a result of exchange rate or market price movements and other adjustments. Other adjustments include, for instance, write-downs on uncollectable credit claims, changes in sector classifications, changes in the functional category of a financing instrument, as well as statistical discrepancies between the international investment position and the balance of payments due to differing data sources, for example.
3. For more information on transactions in portfolio investment, see Deutsche Bundesbank, German balance of payments in 2023, Monthly Report, March 2024.
4. The Bundesbank’s TARGET claims on the ECB dropped by €176 billion in 2023. That was attributable, amongst other things, to the fact that payments from maturing securities under the asset purchase programme (APP) were no longer being reinvested in full. Reinvestments under the APP were discontinued as of July 2023. See Deutsche Bundesbank, German balance of payments in 2023, Monthly Report, March 2024.